N-(S)-alpha-Hydroxytetracosanoyl-phytosphingosine

Phytosphingosine is a long-chain sphingoid base having important cellular functions such as signaling, skin barrier function, cytoskeletal structure, celluar cycle, and heat stress response. It is found largely in mammals, plants, and yeast. Phytosphingosine has seen much use in cosmetics due to its effects on the skin such as reducing inflammation by inhibiting the expression of the allergic cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α and the activation of the transcription factors NF-jB and c-jun in histamine-stimulated skin tissues.1 Phytosphingosine can lead to apoptosis via two distinct pathways and has been investigated as a possible cancer therapeutic treatment.2 Phytoceramides are distributed at the microvillous membrane of the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Crypt cells and the adjacent epithelial cells produce phytosphingoglycolipids in much greater quantities than more differentiated epithelial cells.3 The kidney and skin also contain phytosphingoglycolipids although in much lower concentrations than in the small intestine. Skin cells contain significant amounts of long chain ceramides, such as alpha-hydroxyphytoceramides, that are vital for maintaining skin barrier functions.4