Product Uses
ARNO is a guanine exchange factor for Arf family proteins (1). It’s intracellular function is to regulate Arf proteins by transducing the upstream signal from phospholipids, kinases and Arf proteins themselves (2). Arno functions in large concerted cellular events that require re-organization of membranes e.g. cell migration (3,4), phagocytosis (5), macropinocytosis (6), and insulin controlled organism level growth (7).
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- Study inhibitors of ARNO GTP/GDP exchange activity
- Identification of ARNO Sec7 domain binding proteins
- Study of ARNO GEF activity with different GTPases
References
1. Chardin et al. 1996. Nature, 384, 481-484.
2. Stalder et al. 2011. JBC, 286 (5), 3873–3883.
3. Santy and Casanova. 2001. J. Cell Biol. 154, 599–610.
4. Viaud et al. 2007. PNAS, 104, 10370–10375.
5. Beemiller et al. 2006. PLoS Biol. 4, e162.
6. Cohen et al. 2007. MBC, 18, 2244–2253.
7. Fuss et al. 2006. Nature, 444, 945–948.
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Material
The GEF domain (Sec7 domain) of human ARNO protein has been produced in a bacterial expression system. It contains six histidine residues at its amino terminus (His-tag). The accession number is X99753.1(embl). The molecular weight of ARNO-His GEF domain is approximately 33 kDa. The ARNO protein is supplied as a white lyophilized powder. Protein purity is determined by scanning densitometry of Coomassie Blue stained protein on a 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient gel. ARNO protein was determined to be 90% pure (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. CS-GE06 SDS-PAGE Analysis
Legend: A 20 µg sample of recombinant GE07 (molecular weight approx. 33 kDa) was separated by electrophoresis in a 4-20% SDS-PAGE system and stained with Coomassie Blue. Protein quantitation was determined using the Precision Red Protein Assay Reagent (Cat. # ADV02). Mark12 molecular weight markers are from Life Technologies Inc.
Purity
Protein purity is determined by scanning densitometry of Coomassie blue stained protein on a 4-20% polyacrylamide gradient gel. The ARNO protein was determined to be >90% pure. (see Figure 1).
Storage
Before reconstitution, briefly centrifuge to collect the product at the bottom of the tube. The protein should be reconstituted to 5 mg/ml with ice cold nanopure water (20 µl water per 100 µg protein). When reconstituted, the protein will be in the following buffer: 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 5% (v/v) sucrose and 1% (v/v) dextran. In order to maintain high biological activity of the protein it is strongly recommended that the protein solution be supplemented with DTT to 1 mM final concentration, aliquoted into "experiment sized" amounts, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C. The protein is stable for six months if stored at -70°C. The protein must not be exposed to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The lyophilized protein is stable at 4°C desiccated (<10% humidity) for one year. Further ARNO dilutions should be made in 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2 (not supplied).
Biological Activity Assay
The biological activity of GE07 can be determined from its ability to catalyze nucleotide exchange on Arf proteins using the nucleotide exchange assay of GDP for mant-GTP. The exchange reactions can be performed by adding EDTA or Arf GEF h.s. ARNO protein to a reaction hence providing a control condition for exchange (see kit Cat. # BK100). The reaction is monitored by fluorescence measurement at 485nm Ex / 525nm Em (bodipy-FL-GDP). Stringent quality control ensures that the exchange rate of Bodipy-GDP or Mant-GDP is enhanced two fold in the presence of 1 µM ARNO. Exchange rates are similar to published examples of ARNO catalyzed exchange in >1 mM Mg2+ containing buffer (Bourgoin et al. 2002, see Figure 2) and with <1 µM Mg2+ containing buffer (Beraud-Defour et al. 1998).
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Reagents
1. ARNO Sec7 protein (Cat. # CS-GE07)
2. Arf1 (Cat.# FR02) or Arf6 (Cat.# FR06)
3. Exchange buffer 2 (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 2 mM EDTA, 100 µg/ml BSA, and 0.75 µM Bodipy-FL-GDP), note - make fresh.
4. 50 mM MgCl2 in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl.
5. 5 mM GTP in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl.
Equipment
1. Fluorescence spectrometer (λex=485nm, λem=525nm, both with<15nm bandwidth)
2. Corning 96-well half area plates (Cat # 3686) or other plate with low protein binding surface.
Method
1. Place ARNO vial on ice and dilute to 0.30 µg/µl (8 µM) with ice cold Exchange Buffer.
2. Dilute Arf protein to 1.25 µg/µl (50 µM) with ice cold Exchange Buffer..
3. Add the following components together in a fresh 15 ml Falcon tube and mix well by pipetting or gentle vortex:
Component µl per well
Exchange Buffer 75
50 µM Arf 5
8 µM ARNO 10
Note: For a total mixture volume, multiply the volume of reagents per well by the number of wells in the experiment, plus add 20% volume for pipetting losses.
4. Incubate for 20 min at room temperature (RT).
5. Lock in the nucleotide by adding 10 µl (per well) of 50 mM MgCl2.
6. Set up the fluorimeter with Excitation wavelength at 485 nm +/-15 nm and emission wavelength at 525 nm +/- 15 nm at RT.
7. Aliquot the pre-loaded mixture to the assigned wells and place the plate in the fluorimeter.
8. After 5 cycles (150 seconds), place the program on Hold or Pause, and remove the plate.
9. Pipette 10 µl of a) 5 mM GTP solution, b) a small compound, c) a test protein, d) 4 mM EDTA (+ve exchange control) or e) Dilution Buffer (negative control) in respective wells and immediately pipette up and down twice and resume reading for 20 minutes.
10. Save the readings after the kinetic protocols are finished. The exchange rate can be calculated by reducing the data to max slope (using 12 pts) or Vmax with the software that accompanies the plate reader. The exchange curve can be achieved by export to Microsoft Excel.
Figure 2. ARNO Sec7 GEF protein domain mediated Mant-GTP association on Arf1.
Legend: Arf1(with 17 aa deletion, Cat. # FR02) (5 µM) was mixed with 1.25 µM GE07 or nanopure water (control) in dilution buffer, and pipetted into wells of a black 384-well low volume plate. At time zero, one volume of 2x concentrated Exchange Buffer was pipetted in to the wells and the reactions were monitored for 30 min by reading every 30 sec.
